PHẦN 4: TYPES OF PHRASES/ CLAUSES/
SENTENCES.
MỤC 1- TYPES OF PHRASES
Hai
cách phân loại Phrases gồm:
+
Noun phrase / Adj phrase / Adv phrase.
+
The prepositional phrase / the participal phrase / the gerund phrase / the
infinitive phrase.
1.
NOUN
PHRASE. Gồm 2 dạng: the gerund phrase (V-ing) & the infinitive phrase (to
V).
Cách
nhận biết: Trong một câu nếu không tìm thấy Chủ từ = Subject và nếu thấy Verb
(V-ing or To Verb) làm Chủ từ thì >>> Noun pharase.
A.
Noun
phrase = The Infinitive Phrase.
+
Đối với cụm từ “The Infinitive Phrase” > “Noun phrase”, tức nó gồm: (1) Noun
phrase, (2) Adj phrase, (3) Adv phrase.
+ As a noun to function as the
subject of a verb, object of a verb, complement of the subject or object,
called a noun phrase:
-
To swim in the
ocean
is fun. >> as the subject of verb (is)
-
You
need to work harder. >> as
the object of a verb transitive (need…)
-
His
wish was to become a doctor.
>> as the subject complement.
+
Ngoài việc nhận diện Noun phrase trong trường hợp là The Infinitive Phrase thì
cần chú ý đến cách sử dụng từ “To” >>> cần xem bài “Verbs form” về
List động từ gắn với To.
B.
Noun phrase = the Gerund Phrase (cụm danh động
từ).
+
As a noun to function as the subject of a verb, object of a verb, object of a
preposition, complement of the subject or object, called a noun phrase:
-
Bill’s getting
sacked
was a big surprise.
-
He
proposed setting up a committee.
-
His
bad habit is talking in class.
-
We’re
looking forward to seeing you.
+
Tương tự cách nhận diện Gerund (v-ing). Tuy nhiên trong ví dụ số 4 – có thể nhầm
lẫn bởi từ “To” nhưng xem xét 1 cách tổng quan thì ko thuộc các trường hợp
Infinitive phrase. Cần thuộc list các từ sử dụng V-ing (Verbs form).
+
Chú ý: Đối với phương pháp 3 cách thành lập Chủ từ (Subject):
Eg1:
To ask means to answer / To live means to struggle
Eg2:
Asking means answering. / Living means struggling.
ð Nhận
xét: Trong văn viết thường sử dụng cân xứng để viết dạng Noun phrase. Tuy nhiên
đối Infinitive phrase thường sử dụng mang ý nghĩa hành động khó thực hiện – Ngược
lại, Gerund phrase sử dụng ý nghĩa câu văn là hành động dễ dàng. Nên:
Eg1:
To ask means to answer / To live
means to struggle. >> to act so hard = Infinitive phrase
Eg2:
Asking means answering / Living
means struggling. >> to act so easily = Gerund phrase.
1.
NOUN
PHRASE. Gồm 2 dạng: the gerund phrase (V-ing) & the infinitive phrase (to
V).
2.
ADJECTIVE
PHRASE.
Đối
với cụm tính từ Adjective Phrase gồm: Hai dạng: (1)The participial phrase
(Present participle & past participle), (2) Prepositional phrase.
A. The
Present Participle (V-ing) = Adj Phrase.
+
As an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun, called an adjective phrase:
-
The
man coming towards us is an
engineer. >> coming towards – modify a The Man
-
She
listened to him practicing the piano.
>> practicing the piano – modify Him
-
The
boy eating a banana is my
brother. >>> eating a banana – modify The boy
+
2 dấu hiệu nhận biết Adj phrase là The Present Participle: (1) Hình thức dạng
V-ing (giống Greund phrase của Noun phrase); (2) Vị trí của V-ing thường nằm
sau Noun or Pronoun mà nó bổ nghĩa, (3) Nếu adj phrase đứng đầu câu thì sẽ bị
ngăn dấu phẩy (,).
+
Thật ra đối các ví dụ trên của Adj phrase được rút gọn từ 1 Adj clause:
-
The
man, He is coming towards us,
is an engineer.
-
She
listened to him, who is practicing
the piano.
-
The
boy, he is eating a banana is
my brother.
Phương pháp rút
gọn trong câu, gồm 2 bước:
ð Bước 1: Xét chủ
từ trong câu có đồng dạng ko ? Câu không được là câu Ghép (loại bỏ dạng
Fansboy).
ð Bước 2: Nếu Verb
= to be >> bỏ/ Nếu Verb thường – được chia 2 trường hợp: (1) Câu active –
thêm V-ing, (2) Câu passive – chuyển sang Verb participle hoặc V_ed.
Như vậy đối với
adj phrase = Present participle thì thuộc dạng rút gọn câu active (V-ing).
B.
Past
Participle = Adj phrase.
+
Dấu hiệu nhận biết Past Participle là Adj phrase tương tự các bước như Present
Participle. Tuy nhiên đổi V-ing = V_ed hoặc Verb past participle (V3).
+
As an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun, called an adjective phrase:
-
Lessons
learned easily are soon
forgotten.
-
Lessons
They are learned easily are
soon forgotten.
-
Painted bright
red,
the bicycle looks new.
-
The bicycle is
painted bright red, it looks new.
-
The
boy sent to us is very lazy.
-
The
boy, he is sent to us, is
very lazy.
+
Tương tự như Present Participle phrase (adj phrase) thì Past Participle phrase thuộc
dạng rút gọn của câu passive.
C. Prepostional
Phrase = Adj phrase
Chú
ý: Đối với Prepostional Phrase gồm hai loại: (1) Adj phrase, (2) Adv phrase.
+
Dấu hiệu nhận biết Adj phrase dạng Prepostional phrase là: (in/with/of ….) thường
nằm vị trí ngay sau Noun hoặc Pronoun mà nó modify. Và thông thường trả lời câu
hỏi WHICH ONE ?
+
As an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun, called an adjective phrase:
-
The
girl in the red dress is my cousin.
>> Which the girl ? = The girl in the red dress
-
Nobody
likes a person with a bad temper. >> Which person ?
-
Why
ask me, of all the people here, to lead the team? >> Which I ?
1.
NOUN
PHRASE. Gồm 2 dạng: the gerund phrase (V-ing) & the infinitive phrase (to
V).
2.
ADJECTIVE
PHRASE.
3.
ADVERB
PHRASE.
Đối
với Adv phrase gồm: (1) Prepostional phrase, (2) Surbodinating Conjunction –
Present Pasticiple (V-ing), (3) (in order) to infinitive.
A. Prepositional
phrase = Adv phrase.
+
As an adverb to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb, called an adverb
phrase:
-
The
guests are coming at five o’clock. >> “at five o’clock” modify
coming
-
Our
country is rich in minerals. >> “in mineral” modify Rich (adj)
-
I
hope you will work better in future. >> “in future” modify better
(adv)
+
Phân biệt adv phrase và adj phrase:
|
Adv
phrase
|
Adj
phrase
|
|
+ modify Verb
/ Adj / another Adv
|
+ modify Noun
/ Pronoun
|
|
+ Adv phrase
thường đứng sau những những loại từ mà
nó modify.
+ Ngoài ra,
cũng có thể đứng Noun / Pronoun:
Eg: To put my
book on the table
|
+ Adj phrase
chỉ đứng sau Noun / Pronoun mà nó modify.
Eg: The book
on the table is mine.
|
|
+ Trả lời câu
hỏi: How / When / Where … ?
|
+ Trả lời câu
hỏi: Which One ?
|
|
Công thức
chung: Preposition + (modifier) + Noun/ Pronoun/ Greund / Clause
Eg: From my
parents
|
Chú
Ý Remember that a prepositional phrase will never contain
the subject of a sentence.
+ Sometimes a noun within the
prepositional phrase seems the logical subject of
a verb. Don't fall for that trick! You will never find
a subject in a prepositional phrase. Look at this example:
Eg: Neither of these cookbooks contains the recipe
for Manhattan-style squid eyeball stew.
Cookbooks do indeed contain recipes. In this
sentence, however, cookbooks is part of the prepositional phrase of these cookbooks. Neither—whatever
a neither is—is the subject for the verb contains.
Neither is singular, so you need the singular form of the
verb, contains. If you incorrectly identified cookbooks as the subject, you might write contain, the plural form, and thus commit a subject-verb agreement error.
+ Some prepositions—such as along with and in addition to—indicate "more to come." They will
make you think that you have a plural subject when in fact you don't. Don't
fall for that trick either! Read this example:
Eg: Tommy, along with the other
students,
breathed a sigh of relief when Mrs. Markham announced that she was postponing
the due date for the research essay.
Logically, more than one student is happy with
the news. But Tommy is the only subject of the verb breathed. His classmates count in the real world, but in the sentence,
they don't matter, locked as they are in the prepositional phrase.
B.
(Sub Conjunction) Present Participle (V-ing) =
Adv Phrase.
+ Đây được xem là hình thức rút gọn của An
Adverb Clause dạng Subordinating Conjunctions. Đối với Adv Phrase của dạng
Present Participle modify Verb, Adj và another Adv.
Eg: I shall do it when I have time.
>>> I shall do it having time.
+
Phân biệt 3 hình thức
V-ing:
|
Gerund phrase = Noun phrase
|
The present participle phrase = Adj phrase
|
The present participle phrase (Sub conjunction) = adv phrase
|
|
As a noun to
function as the subject of a verb, object of a verb, object of a preposition,
complement of the subject or object, called a noun phrase
|
As an
adjective to modify a noun or pronoun, called an adjective phrase
|
As an adverb
to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb, called an adverb phrase:
|
|
Vị trí phụ thuộc vào chức năng của gerund
phrase mà nó đóng vai
|
Vị trí đặc biệt chỉ nằm sau và bổ nghĩa cho
Noun và Pronoun
|
Vị trí thường nằm đầu và cuối câu. Nếu nằm đầu
sẽ ngăn cách bằng dấu (,)
|
C. (In order) to infinitive,….. = Adv phrase.
+ As
an adverb to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb, called an adverb
phrase:
-
He
has gone to see his teacher.
>> “in oder to see his teacher”
modify (has gone)
-
We
are happy to hear of your success.>>
modify adj (happy)
-
He
explained how best to cure malaria.
>> modify adv (best)
+ Phân biệt 3 hình thức to – infinitive:
|
The Infinive phrase = Noun phrase
|
The Infinive phrase = Adj phrase
|
The Infinive phrase = Adv phrase
|
|
As a noun to
function as the subject of a verb, object of a verb, complement of the
subject or object, called a noun phrase:
Eg: To swim in the ocean is fun.
>> as the subject of verb (is)
|
As an
adjective to modify a noun or pronoun, called an adjective phrase:
He gave her
permission to leave early.
>> modify Noun (her permission)
John’s dream, to win a scholarship, has come
true. >> modify Noun (John’s dream)
She was
looking for someone to help her.
>> modify pronoun (someone)
|
As an adverb
to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb, called an adverb phrase:
He has gone to see his teacher. >> “in
oder to see his teacher” modify
Verb (has gone)
|
SPECIAL NOTES ON THE
PARTICIPIAL PHRASE
1. A participial phrase should be
placed as close as possible to the word it modifies.
-
I
saw John sitting at my desk.
-
Sitting at my desk, I saw John.
2. A participial phrase, besides
modifying a noun or pronoun, can be used:
a).
As an equivalent of an independent clause, indicating an action performed at
the same time or immediately before the action of the finite verb.
-
Crowds
stood outside the Palace, cheering the President.
-
Opening the drawer, he took out a small wooden box.
-
Somewhat confused, he wondered why they had
laughed at him.
b). As an equivalent of an adverb clause
of time, cause, condition, manner, result, etc. A preposition or a conjunctive
adverb may introduce a participial phrase in this use.
*
Time - On hearing the news,
she collapsed. (When she heard the news…)
- After visiting Paris, I went on to Rome.
*
Cause - Feeling hot and dusty, she took a bath. (Because she felt
hot……)
- Being young, he was easily led by bad
people.
- Encouraged by my success, my brother
decided to give up drinking.
- Having very little money, they found life
hard and dull.
*
Condition- Left in the sun, the cloth will lose all its color.
(If the cloth is left in the sun….)
- Even a coward, driven
into a corner, would fight.
*
Manner - Open the packet by cutting along the dotted line.
- By keeping quiet,
you might save yourself a lot of trouble.
*
Result - He caught a cold through going out without a raincoat
- In saying this, he showed his ignorance of
the problem.
*
Concession - In spite of her poverty, she’s always willing to
help others.
- Despite the hard
rain, they went on playing football.
